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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected. The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan and also styles of art and a written language and papermaking. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. sneak a peek at this web-site was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or to build fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the period. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and clashed with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are common in the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are appalled by the huge cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job loss. Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key elements that are driving these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in universities and churches across the country. One instance of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and got funding to build an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that host talks and seminars to children and community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time the samulnori, or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music. Korea's new development model is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.